<div dir="ltr">hello folks<br clear="all"><div><span style="color:rgb(36,39,41);font-family:Arial,"Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,sans-serif">i am very new to perl. i am trying to use the below code from CPAN.</span><br></div><div><span style="color:rgb(36,39,41);font-family:Arial,"Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,sans-serif"><br></span></div><div><pre class="gmail-lang-perl gmail-s-code-block gmail-hljs" style="margin-top:0px;padding:12px;border:0px;font-variant-numeric:inherit;font-variant-east-asian:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;line-height:1.30769;font-family:Consolas,Menlo,Monaco,"Lucida Console","Liberation Mono","DejaVu Sans Mono","Bitstream Vera Sans Mono","Courier New",monospace,sans-serif;vertical-align:baseline;box-sizing:inherit;width:auto;max-height:600px;overflow:auto;border-radius:5px"><code style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;line-height:inherit;font-family:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;box-sizing:inherit;background-color:transparent;white-space:inherit"><span class="gmail-hljs-keyword" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;line-height:inherit;font-family:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;box-sizing:inherit">my</span> $C;

<span class="gmail-hljs-comment" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;line-height:inherit;font-family:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;box-sizing:inherit"># Recursive version of C<each>;</span>
<span class="gmail-hljs-function" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;line-height:inherit;font-family:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;box-sizing:inherit"><span class="gmail-hljs-keyword" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;line-height:inherit;font-family:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;box-sizing:inherit">sub</span> <span class="gmail-hljs-title" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;line-height:inherit;font-family:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;box-sizing:inherit">reach</span> </span>{
    <span class="gmail-hljs-keyword" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;line-height:inherit;font-family:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;box-sizing:inherit">my</span> $ref = <span class="gmail-hljs-keyword" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;line-height:inherit;font-family:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;box-sizing:inherit">shift</span>;


    <span class="gmail-hljs-keyword" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;line-height:inherit;font-family:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;box-sizing:inherit">if</span> (<span class="gmail-hljs-keyword" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;line-height:inherit;font-family:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;box-sizing:inherit">ref</span> $ref eq <span class="gmail-hljs-string" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;line-height:inherit;font-family:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;box-sizing:inherit">'HASH'</span>) {


        <span class="gmail-hljs-keyword" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;line-height:inherit;font-family:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;box-sizing:inherit">if</span> (<span class="gmail-hljs-keyword" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;line-height:inherit;font-family:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;box-sizing:inherit">defined</span> $C->{$ref}<span class="gmail-hljs-string" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;line-height:inherit;font-family:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;box-sizing:inherit">{v}</span>) {
            <span class="gmail-hljs-keyword" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;line-height:inherit;font-family:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;box-sizing:inherit">if</span> (<span class="gmail-hljs-keyword" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;line-height:inherit;font-family:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;box-sizing:inherit">ref</span> $C->{$ref}<span class="gmail-hljs-string" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;line-height:inherit;font-family:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;box-sizing:inherit">{v}</span> eq <span class="gmail-hljs-string" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;line-height:inherit;font-family:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;box-sizing:inherit">'HASH'</span>) {
                <span class="gmail-hljs-keyword" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;line-height:inherit;font-family:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;box-sizing:inherit">if</span> (<span class="gmail-hljs-keyword" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;line-height:inherit;font-family:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;box-sizing:inherit">my</span> @rec = reach($C->{$ref}<span class="gmail-hljs-string" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;line-height:inherit;font-family:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;box-sizing:inherit">{v}</span>)) {
                    <span class="gmail-hljs-keyword" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;line-height:inherit;font-family:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;box-sizing:inherit">return</span> ($C->{$ref}<span class="gmail-hljs-string" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;line-height:inherit;font-family:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;box-sizing:inherit">{k}</span>,@rec);
                } 
            } <span class="gmail-hljs-keyword" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;line-height:inherit;font-family:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;box-sizing:inherit">elsif</span> (<span class="gmail-hljs-keyword" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;line-height:inherit;font-family:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;box-sizing:inherit">ref</span> $C->{$ref}<span class="gmail-hljs-string" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;line-height:inherit;font-family:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;box-sizing:inherit">{v}</span> eq <span class="gmail-hljs-string" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;line-height:inherit;font-family:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;box-sizing:inherit">'ARRAY'</span>) {
                <span class="gmail-hljs-keyword" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;line-height:inherit;font-family:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;box-sizing:inherit">if</span> (<span class="gmail-hljs-keyword" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;line-height:inherit;font-family:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;box-sizing:inherit">my</span> @rec = reach($C->{$ref}<span class="gmail-hljs-string" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;line-height:inherit;font-family:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;box-sizing:inherit">{v}</span>)) {
                    <span class="gmail-hljs-keyword" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;line-height:inherit;font-family:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;box-sizing:inherit">if</span> (<span class="gmail-hljs-keyword" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;line-height:inherit;font-family:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;box-sizing:inherit">defined</span> $C->{$ref}<span class="gmail-hljs-string" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;line-height:inherit;font-family:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;box-sizing:inherit">{k}</span>) {
                        <span class="gmail-hljs-keyword" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;line-height:inherit;font-family:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;box-sizing:inherit">return</span> $C->{$ref}<span class="gmail-hljs-string" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;line-height:inherit;font-family:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;box-sizing:inherit">{k}</span>,@rec;
                    }
                    <span class="gmail-hljs-keyword" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;line-height:inherit;font-family:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;box-sizing:inherit">return</span> @rec;
                } 

            }
            <span class="gmail-hljs-keyword" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;line-height:inherit;font-family:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;box-sizing:inherit">undef</span> $C->{$ref};
        } 


        <span class="gmail-hljs-keyword" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;line-height:inherit;font-family:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;box-sizing:inherit">if</span> (<span class="gmail-hljs-keyword" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;line-height:inherit;font-family:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;box-sizing:inherit">my</span> ($k,$v) = <span class="gmail-hljs-keyword" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;line-height:inherit;font-family:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;box-sizing:inherit">each</span> %$<span class="gmail-hljs-keyword" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;line-height:inherit;font-family:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;box-sizing:inherit">ref</span>) {
            $C->{$ref}<span class="gmail-hljs-string" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;line-height:inherit;font-family:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;box-sizing:inherit">{v}</span> = $v;
            $C->{$ref}<span class="gmail-hljs-string" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;line-height:inherit;font-family:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;box-sizing:inherit">{k}</span> = $k;
            <span class="gmail-hljs-keyword" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;line-height:inherit;font-family:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;box-sizing:inherit">return</span> ($k,reach($v));
        }

        <span class="gmail-hljs-keyword" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;line-height:inherit;font-family:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;box-sizing:inherit">return</span> ();


    } <span class="gmail-hljs-keyword" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;line-height:inherit;font-family:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;box-sizing:inherit">elsif</span> (<span class="gmail-hljs-keyword" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;line-height:inherit;font-family:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;box-sizing:inherit">ref</span> $ref eq <span class="gmail-hljs-string" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;line-height:inherit;font-family:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;box-sizing:inherit">'ARRAY'</span>) {


        <span class="gmail-hljs-keyword" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;line-height:inherit;font-family:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;box-sizing:inherit">if</span> (<span class="gmail-hljs-keyword" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;line-height:inherit;font-family:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;box-sizing:inherit">defined</span> $C->{$ref}<span class="gmail-hljs-string" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;line-height:inherit;font-family:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;box-sizing:inherit">{v}</span>) {
            <span class="gmail-hljs-keyword" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;line-height:inherit;font-family:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;box-sizing:inherit">if</span> (<span class="gmail-hljs-keyword" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;line-height:inherit;font-family:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;box-sizing:inherit">ref</span> $C->{$ref}<span class="gmail-hljs-string" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;line-height:inherit;font-family:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;box-sizing:inherit">{v}</span> eq <span class="gmail-hljs-string" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;line-height:inherit;font-family:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;box-sizing:inherit">'HASH'</span> || 
                <span class="gmail-hljs-keyword" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;line-height:inherit;font-family:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;box-sizing:inherit">ref</span> $C->{$ref}<span class="gmail-hljs-string" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;line-height:inherit;font-family:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;box-sizing:inherit">{v}</span> eq <span class="gmail-hljs-string" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;line-height:inherit;font-family:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;box-sizing:inherit">'ARRAY'</span>) {

                <span class="gmail-hljs-keyword" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;line-height:inherit;font-family:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;box-sizing:inherit">if</span> (<span class="gmail-hljs-keyword" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;line-height:inherit;font-family:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;box-sizing:inherit">my</span> @rec = reach($C->{$ref}<span class="gmail-hljs-string" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;line-height:inherit;font-family:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;box-sizing:inherit">{v}</span>)) {
                    <span class="gmail-hljs-keyword" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;line-height:inherit;font-family:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;box-sizing:inherit">if</span> (<span class="gmail-hljs-keyword" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;line-height:inherit;font-family:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;box-sizing:inherit">defined</span> $C->{$ref}<span class="gmail-hljs-string" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;line-height:inherit;font-family:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;box-sizing:inherit">{k}</span>) {
                        <span class="gmail-hljs-keyword" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;line-height:inherit;font-family:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;box-sizing:inherit">return</span> $C->{$ref}<span class="gmail-hljs-string" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;line-height:inherit;font-family:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;box-sizing:inherit">{k}</span>,@rec;
                    }
                    <span class="gmail-hljs-keyword" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;line-height:inherit;font-family:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;box-sizing:inherit">return</span> @rec;
                } 
            } 
        }



        <span class="gmail-hljs-keyword" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;line-height:inherit;font-family:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;box-sizing:inherit">if</span> (<span class="gmail-hljs-keyword" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;line-height:inherit;font-family:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;box-sizing:inherit">my</span> $v = $ref->[$C->{$ref}<span class="gmail-hljs-string" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;line-height:inherit;font-family:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;box-sizing:inherit">{i}</span>++ || <span class="gmail-hljs-number" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;line-height:inherit;font-family:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;box-sizing:inherit">0</span>]) {
            $C->{$ref}<span class="gmail-hljs-string" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;line-height:inherit;font-family:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;box-sizing:inherit">{v}</span> = $v;
            <span class="gmail-hljs-keyword" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;line-height:inherit;font-family:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;box-sizing:inherit">return</span> (reach($v));
        }

        <span class="gmail-hljs-keyword" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;line-height:inherit;font-family:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;box-sizing:inherit">return</span> ();
    }
    <span class="gmail-hljs-keyword" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;line-height:inherit;font-family:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;box-sizing:inherit">return</span> $ref;
}</code></pre><pre class="gmail-lang-perl gmail-s-code-block gmail-hljs" style="margin-top:0px;padding:12px;border:0px;font-variant-numeric:inherit;font-variant-east-asian:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;line-height:1.30769;font-family:Consolas,Menlo,Monaco,"Lucida Console","Liberation Mono","DejaVu Sans Mono","Bitstream Vera Sans Mono","Courier New",monospace,sans-serif;vertical-align:baseline;box-sizing:inherit;width:auto;max-height:600px;overflow:auto;border-radius:5px"><code style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;line-height:inherit;font-family:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;box-sizing:inherit;background-color:transparent;white-space:inherit"><p style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-left:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-variant-numeric:inherit;font-variant-east-asian:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;line-height:inherit;font-family:Arial,"Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,sans-serif;vertical-align:baseline;box-sizing:inherit;clear:both;color:rgb(36,39,41);white-space:normal">input: bar => {cmd_opts => { gld_upf => ['abc' , 'def']} } current output: [bar, cmd_opts, gld_upf, abc]</p><p style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-left:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-variant-numeric:inherit;font-variant-east-asian:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;line-height:inherit;font-family:Arial,"Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,sans-serif;vertical-align:baseline;box-sizing:inherit;clear:both;color:rgb(36,39,41);white-space:normal">[bar, cmd_opts, gld_upf, def]</p><p style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-left:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-variant-numeric:inherit;font-variant-east-asian:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;line-height:inherit;font-family:Arial,"Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,sans-serif;vertical-align:baseline;box-sizing:inherit;clear:both;color:rgb(36,39,41);white-space:normal">desired output: [bar, cmd_opts, gld_upf, ['abc', 'def']]</p><p style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-variant-numeric:inherit;font-variant-east-asian:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;line-height:inherit;font-family:Arial,"Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,sans-serif;vertical-align:baseline;box-sizing:inherit;clear:both;color:rgb(36,39,41);white-space:normal">also, what are the concepts that are being used in this code? are there any books/courses i can take for this?</p></code></pre></div><div>thank you.</div><div><br></div></div>